PEMANFAATAN BIOTEKNOLOGI DALAM KEHIDUPAN
SEHARI-HARI
Mata Kuliah: Ilmu Alamiah DAsar
Disusun Oleh :
Nama :
Herni Asih
NIM : 11003105
Kelas : B
Program Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
Indonesia
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan
Yogyakarta
2012
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. LATAR
BELAKANG MASALAH
Biotekhnologi
adalah terapan biologi yang melibatkan disilin ilmu mikrobilogi, biokimia,
genetika, dan biologi monokuler.definisi bioteknologi secara klasik atau
konvensional adalah teknologi yang memanfaatkan agen hayati atau
bagian-bagiannya untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa dalam skala industri untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Sedangkan jika ditinjau secara modern, bioteknolofi
adalah pemanfaatan agen hayati atau bagian-bagian yang sudah direkayasa secara in vitro untuk mrenghasilkan barang dan
jasa pada skala industri.
Bioteknologi
dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan nilai bahan mentah dengan memanfaatkan
kemampuan mikroorganisme atau bagian-bagiannya misalnya bakteri dan kapang.
Selain itu bioteknolog juga memanfaatkan sel tumbuhan atau sel hewan yang dibiakkan
sebagai bahan dasar sebagai proses industri.
Penerapan bioteknologi pada umumnya mencakup produksi sel
atau biomassa dan perubahan atau ransformasi kimia yang diinginkan.
Transformasi kimia itu lebih lanjut dapat dibagi menjadi dua sub bagian, yakni:
1.
Pembentukan
suatu produk akhir yang siinginkan, contohnya enzim anti biotik, asam orgainik
dan steroid.
2.
Penguraian
bahan sisa produksi, contohnya buangan air limbah, destruksi buangan industri,
atau tumpahan minyak.
Dewasa ini,
penerapan bioteknologi sangat penting diberbagai bidang, misalnya di bidang
pengolahan bahan pangan, farmasi, kedokteran, pengolahan limbah dan
pertambangan.
B. RUMUSAN
MASALAH
1. Bagaimana pemanfaatan Biotekhnologi
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
2. Apakah dampak negatif Bioteknologi?
BAB
II
PEMBAHASAN
Bioteknologi dapat diartikan sebagai
pemanfaatan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dan teknologi dengan menggunakan makhluk hidup sebagai alat bantu
untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa guna kepentingan manusia. Bioteknologi bukanlah
suatu disiplin ilmu melainkan penerapan ilmu (suatu teknik dalam biologi).
Dalam bioteknologi, makhluk hidup digunakan untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa
dengan alasan karena makhluk hidup:
1. Senantiasa berkembangbiak dan dapat dibiakkan
(terbaharukan)
2. Mudah diperoleh
3. Sifatnya dapat diubah-ubah sesuai kebutuha
4. Dapat menghasilkan berbagai macam produk yang
dibutuhkan
Bioteknologi
Konvensional
Pemanfaatan
makhluk hidup untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa sudah banyak dilakukan sejak
dulu. Di Indonesia, orang telah lama mengenal proses pembuatan tape, tuak dan
tempe dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme
1. Pemanfaatan
Biotekhnologi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari:
Ø
Pada bidang pangan
Bioteknologi memainkan peranan penting
dalam bidang pangan yaitu dengan memproduksi makanan dengan bantuan mikroba
(tempe,roti,keju,yoghurt,kecap,dll)
Berikut tabel
penerapan bioteknologi pada bidang pangan:
NO
|
PRODUK
|
BAHAN
MENTAH
|
MICRO
ORGANISME
|
1. 2. |
Produk
dari Susu
Keju Susu Fermentasi (Yoghurt) |
Susu Susu kental |
Streptococcus sp. Lactobacillus sp. |
3. 4. |
Produk
dari Limbah
Protein Sel Tunggal (PST) Mikoprotein |
Molase dan garam amonium Sampah Organik |
Saccharomyces cerevisae Fusarium graminearum |
5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. |
Produk
dari nabati
Tempe Kecap Tape Anggur Nata de Coco Roti |
Kedelai
Kedelai Beras ketan atau singkong Buah anggur Air kelapa Tepung beras |
Rhizopus sp. Aspergillus sp. Rhizopus, Aspergillus Saccharomyces sp. Acetobacter xylinum Saccharomyces cereviceae |
Ø
Bidang Kesehatan
Bioteknologi juga dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan misalnya dalam pembuatan antibodi monoklonal, pembuatan vaksin, terapi gen dan pembuatan antibiotik. Proses penambahan DNA asing pada bakteri merupaka prospek untuk memproduksi hormon atau obat-obatan di dunia kedokteran. Contohnya pada produksi hormon insulin, hormon pertumbuhan dan zat antivirus yang disebut interferon. Orang yang menderita diabetes melitus membutuhkan suplai insulin dari luar tubuh. Dengan menggunakan teknik DNA rekombinan, insulin dapat dipanen dari bakteri. Beberapa penyakit menurun atau kelainan genetik dapat disembuhkan dengan cara menyisipkan gen yang kurang pada penderita, cara ini dikenal dengan istilah terapi gen.
Bioteknologi juga dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan misalnya dalam pembuatan antibodi monoklonal, pembuatan vaksin, terapi gen dan pembuatan antibiotik. Proses penambahan DNA asing pada bakteri merupaka prospek untuk memproduksi hormon atau obat-obatan di dunia kedokteran. Contohnya pada produksi hormon insulin, hormon pertumbuhan dan zat antivirus yang disebut interferon. Orang yang menderita diabetes melitus membutuhkan suplai insulin dari luar tubuh. Dengan menggunakan teknik DNA rekombinan, insulin dapat dipanen dari bakteri. Beberapa penyakit menurun atau kelainan genetik dapat disembuhkan dengan cara menyisipkan gen yang kurang pada penderita, cara ini dikenal dengan istilah terapi gen.
Berikut penerapan bioteknologi pada bidang kesehatan:
Jenis
mikroorganisme
|
Produk
asam amino
|
Vitamin
|
Corynebacterium
glutamicum
|
Treonin dan lisin
|
-
|
Brevibacterium
sp.
|
Glutamat
|
-
|
Micrococcus
glutamicus
|
lisin
|
-
|
Pseudomonas
sp.
|
-
|
Vitamin B12
|
Propinionicbacterium
|
-
|
Vitamin B12
|
Ashbya
gossypii
|
-
|
Riboflamin
|
Streptomyces
oliveus
|
-
|
Kobalamin
|
Ø
Bidang Lingkungan
Pencemaran lingkungan merupakan salah satu isu global
yang marak dibicarakan saat ini. Tingginya tingkat pencemaran akan berdampak
serius terhadap kelangsungan hidup umat manusia.
Di bidang lingkungan,
bioteknologi diantaranya berperan dalam:
1.
Menghasilkan energi berupa bahan bakar yang ramah
lingkungan, misalnya etanol dan biogas (gas metana)
2.
Pengolahan berbagai macam limbah, misalnya limbah
industri, limbah plastik dan pencemaran air yang disebabkan oleh minyak melalui
bioremediasi
Ø Bidang Pertanian
Adanya perbaikan sifat tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan teknik modifikasi genetik dengan bioteknologi melalui rekayasa genetika untuk memperoleh varietas unggul, produksi tinggi, tahan hama, patogen, dan herbisida. Perkembangan Biologi Molekuler memberikan sumbangan yang besar terhadap kemajuan ilmu pemuliaan ilmu tanaman (plant breeding). Suatu hal yang tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa perbaikan genetis melalu pemuliaan tanaman konvemsional telah memberikan kontribusi yng sangat besar dalam penyediaan pangan dunia.
Adanya perbaikan sifat tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan teknik modifikasi genetik dengan bioteknologi melalui rekayasa genetika untuk memperoleh varietas unggul, produksi tinggi, tahan hama, patogen, dan herbisida. Perkembangan Biologi Molekuler memberikan sumbangan yang besar terhadap kemajuan ilmu pemuliaan ilmu tanaman (plant breeding). Suatu hal yang tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa perbaikan genetis melalu pemuliaan tanaman konvemsional telah memberikan kontribusi yng sangat besar dalam penyediaan pangan dunia.
Dalam bidang pertanian telah dapat dibentuk tanaman dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme dalam fiksasi nitogen yang dapat membuat pupuknya sendiri sehingga dapat menguntungkan pada petani. Demikian pula terciptanya tanaman yang tahan terhadap tanah gersang. Mikroba yang di rekayasa secara genetik dapat meningkatkan hasil panen pertanian, demikian juga dalam cara lain, seperti meningkatkan kapasitas mengikat nitrogen dari bacteri Rhizobium. Keturunan bacteri yang telah disempurnakan atau diperbaiki dapat meningkatkan hasil panen kacang kedelai sampai 50%. Rekayasa genetik lain sedang mencoba mengembangkan turunan dari bacteri Azotobacter yang melekat pada akar tumbuh bukan tumbuhan kacang-kacangan (seperti jagung) dan mengembangbiakan, membebaskan tumbuhan jagung dari ketergantungan pada kebutuhan pupuk amonia (pupuk buatan).
Hama tanaman merupakan salah satu kendala besar dalam budidaya tanaman pertanian. Untuk mengatasinya, selama ini digunakan pestisida. Namun ternyata pestisida banyak menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif, antara lain matinya organigme nontarget, keracunan bagi hewan dan manusia, serta pencemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dicari terobosan untuk mengatasi masalah, tersebut dengan cara yang lebih aman. Kita mengetahui bahwa mikroorganisme yang terdapat di alam sangat banyak, dan setiap jenis mikroorganisme tersebut memiliki sifat yang berbeda-beda. Dari sekian banyak jenis mikroorganisme, ada suatu kelompok yang bersifat patogenik (dapat menyebabkan penyakit) pada hama tertentu, namun tidak menimbulkan penyakit bagi makhluk hidup lain. Contoh mikroorganisme tersebut adalah bakteri Bacillus thuringiensis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bacillus thuringiensis mampu menghasilkan suatu protein yang bersifat toksik bagi serangga, terutama seranggga dari ordo Lepidoptera. Protein ini bersifat mudah larut dan aktif menjadi menjadi toksik, terutama setelah masuk ke dalam saluran pencemaan serangga. Bacillus thuringiensis mudah dikembangbiakkan, dan dapat dimafaatkan sebagai biopestisida pembasmi hama tanaman. Pemakaian biopestisida ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif yang timbul dari pemakaian pestisida kimia.
Dengan berkembangnya bioteknologi, sekarang dapat diperoleh cara yang lebih efektif lagi untuk membasmi hama. Pada saat ini sudah dikembangkan tanaman transgenik yang resisten terhadap hama. Tanaman transgenik diperoleh dengan cara rekayasa genetika. Gen yang mengkode pembentukan protein toksin yang dimiliki oleh B. thuringiensis dapat diperbanyak dan disisipkan ke dalam sel beberapa tanaman budidaya. Dengan cara ini, diharapkan tanaman tersebut mampu menghasilkan protein yang bersifat toksis terhadap serangga sehingga pestisida tidak diperlukan lagi.
Ø
Bidang Peternakan
Penerapan bioteknologi pada peternakan contohnya adalah hewan transgenik dan hormon bovin somatotropin.
1. Hewan Transgenik
Hewan yang
diberi perlakuan rekayasa genetika disebut hewan transgenik. Pada hewan-hewan
tersebut disisipkan gen-gen tertentu yang dibutuhakan manusia. Sebagi contohnya
adalah domba transgenik. DNA domba tersebut telah disisipi dengan gen manusia
yang disubut dengan faktor VII ( merupakan protein pembeku darah). Dengan
adanya penyisipan tersebut domba mneghasilkan susu yang mengandung faktor VIII
yang dapat dimurnikan untuk menolong penderita hemofilia.
Rekayasa genitika pada hewan juga dapat membantu melestarikan
spsies langka. Sebagai contoh sel telur zebra yang sudah dibuahi lalu ditanam
pada kuda spesies lain. Spesies lain yang dipinjam rahimnya disebut surrogate. Anak zebra akan lahir dari
kuda surrogate. Hal yang sama sudah
diterapkan pada keledai yang hampir punah di Australia.
Teknik pelestarian dengan rekayasa genetika sangat berguna
karena:
a.
Induk dari spesies biasa dapat melahirkan spesies langka.
b.
Telur hewan langka yang sudah dibuahidapat dibekukan. Lalu
disimpan bertahun-tahun, bahkan setelah induknya mati. Jika sudah ditemukan
surrogate yang sesuai, telur tadi ditransplatasikan.
2. Hormon Bovine
Somatotrophin (Hotmon BST)
Dengan rekayasa genetika juga dapat diproduksi hormon
pertumbuhan hewan, yaitu hormon BST (Bovine Somatotrophin)
Caranya adalah sebagai berikut:
a.
Plasmid bakteri E. coli di[otong dengan enzim endonuklease.
b.
Gen somatotrophin diisolasi dari sel sapi.
c.
Gen somatotrophin disisipkan ke plasmid bakteri.
d.
Plasmid dimasukkan lagi ke plasmid bakteri.
e.
Bakteri yang menghasilkan bovine somatotrophin ditumbuhkan
dalam tangki fermentasi.
f.
Bovine somatotrophin diambil dari bakteri dan dimurnikan.
(Reven et.al. 2005)
Ø Bidang Hukum
Dengan teknologi DNA, menawarkan
aplikasi bagi kepentingan forensik. Pada kriminalitas dengan kekerasan, darah atau
jaringan lain dalam jumlah kecil dapat tertinggal di tempat kejadian perkara.
Jika ada perkosaan, air mani dalam jumlah kecil dapat ditemukan dalam tubuh
korban. Melalui pengujian sidik jari DNA (DNA finngerprint), dapat
diidentifikasi pelaku dengan derajat kepastian yang tinggi karena urutan DNA
setiap orang itu unik (kecuali untuk kembar identik). Sampel darah atau
jaringan lain yang dibutuhkan dalam tes DNA sangat sedikit (kira-kira 1000
sel).
DNA fingerprint merupakan satu langkah lebih maju dalam proses pengungkapan kejahatan di Indonesia. Keakuaratan hasil yang hampir mencapai 100% menjadikan metode DNA fingerprint selangkah lebih maju dibandingkan dengan proses biometri yang telah lama digunakan kepolisian untuk identifikasi.
DNA fingerprint merupakan satu langkah lebih maju dalam proses pengungkapan kejahatan di Indonesia. Keakuaratan hasil yang hampir mencapai 100% menjadikan metode DNA fingerprint selangkah lebih maju dibandingkan dengan proses biometri yang telah lama digunakan kepolisian untuk identifikasi.
Ø
Pengolahan Limbah
Sampah atau limbah
merupakan bahan pencemar lingkungan yang mengancam kehidupan. Oleh kerena itu
harus ada upaya penanggulangan limbah.
Penanggulangan
sampah dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, misalnya ditimbun, dibakar dan
didaur ulang. Diantara semua cara itu, cara yang terbaik adalah dengan cara
didaur ulang.
Slah satu contoh
proses daur ulang sampah yang telah diuji pada beberapa sampah tumbuhan adalah
proses pirolisis, yaitu proses
dekomposisi sampah dengan suhu tinggi pada kondisi tanpa oksigen (anaerob).
Denag cara ini
sampah dapat diubah menjadi arang, gas (misalnya metana), dan bahan anorganik.
Bahan-bahan tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan kembali sebagai bahan bakar. Keunggulan
dari bahan bakar hasil proses ini adalah kandungan sulfur yang rendah sehingga
dapat mengurangi pencemaran udara.
Bahan dari
pembakaran makroorganik (dari hewan, tumbuhan, manusia), denagn bantuan
mikroorganisme (misalnya bakteri dan jamur), dengan bantuan hewan-hewan kecil
disebut kompos. Dalam pembuatan
kompossangat diperlukan mokroorganisme. Jenis mikroorganisme yang diperlukan
dalam pembuatan kompos tergantung pada bahan organik yang digunakan serta
proses yang berlangsung (misalnya proses itu secara aerob atau anaerob).
Selama proses
pengomposan, terjadi penguraian terhadap selulosa dan pembentukan asam organik,
terutama asam humat. Asam humat penting dalam pembentukan humus. Hasil
pengomposan terutama bermanfaat sebagai pupuk.
Dengan perkembangan
bioteknologi, kini pencemaran lingkungan dapat semakin dikutangi dengan
berbagai teknik pengolahan limbah, misalnya pengolahan minyak, air limbah dan
plastik.
1. Pengolahan Air Limbah
Dengan bioteknologi
pengolahan limbah menjadi lebih terkontrol dan efektif. Pemrosesan air limbah
oleh pabrik bertujuan untuk menghilangkan zat pencemar, baik pencemar biologis
maupun kimaiwi, yang mungkin membahayakan manusia atau lingkungan. Mekanismenya
adalah:
a.
Menghilqnhkqn sisa-sisa akhir benda padat yang tersuspensi.
b.
Menghilangkan gangguan yang tidak dikehendaki.
c.
Manghilangkan rasa, warna, bau, dan mengurangi kandungan zat
yang terlarut.
Prinsip kerja dalam pengolahan limbah melibatkan berbagai
fasilitas, dan prosesnya secara umum adalah sbagai berikut:
a.
Pengumpulan
Limbah dari rumah, industri, dan dari aktifitas lainya
disalurkan ke jaringan saluran bawah tanah, lalu dikumpulkan ke pusat
pengolahan.
b.
Pemilahan
Limbah yang msauk ke tempat pengolahan dilewatkan pada
lempengan metal yang berfungsi memisahkan potongan kayu, kertas dan bahan-bahan
yang besar supaya tidak masuk mesin.
c.
Pengaliran Limbah
Limbah dialirkan lewat lubang-lubang kecil. Krikil dan pasir
pada larutan limbah disaring, dicuci, lalu dikumpulkan dan digunakan untuk
mengisi lubang-lubang di tanah.
d. Pengendapan
Limbah dialirkan ke tangki-tangki yang lebih besar dimana
bahan-bahan yang padat mengendap didasar tangki yang membentuk endapan kasar.
Endapan tersebut kemudian dipindah ke tangki pencerna dengan tenaga listrik.
e. Proses Aerob
cairan yang diukeluarkan dari tangki penempatan primer
dimasukkan ke alat pengolahan sekunder.di dalam alat tersebut, mikroorganisme
seperti bakteri, jamur dan protista memecah materi organik menjadi mineral, gas
dan air.
f. Kucuran Air
Air dari tangki-tangki penempatan cukup bersih untuk dibuang
ke sungai. Supaya air lebih bersih dan dapat digunakan untuk keperluan tertentu
maka air disaring melalui alat yang terbuat dari pasir halus dan arang aktif,
lalu ditambah klorin untuk mencegah pertumbuhan organisme yang masih tersisa.
g. Proses Anaerob
h. Sumber Enerdi
i. Pembuangan Sampah
2. Dampak negatif bioteknologi
Ø Dampak terhadap kesehatan
Produk-produk hasil rekayasa genetika memiliki resiko potensial sebagai berikut:
Produk-produk hasil rekayasa genetika memiliki resiko potensial sebagai berikut:
a. Gen sintetik dan
produk gen baru yang berevolusi dapat menjadi racun dan atau imunogenik untuk
manusia dan hewan.
b. Rekayasa genetik
tidak terkontrol dan tidak pasti, genom bermutasi dan bergabung, adanya
kelainan bentuk generasi karena racun atau imunogenik, yang disebabkan tidak
stabilnya DNA rekayasa genetik.
c. Virus di dalam
sekumpulan genom yang menyebabkan penyakit mungkin diaktifkan oleh rekayasa
genetik.
d. Penyebaran gen
tahan antibiotik pada patogen oleh transfer gen horizontal, membuat tidak
menghilangkan infeksi.
e. Meningkatkan
transfer gen horizontal dan rekombinasi, jalur utama penyebab penyakit.
f. DNA rekayasa
genetik dibentuk untuk menyerang genom dan kekuatan sebagai promoter sintetik
yang dapat mengakibatkan kanker dengan pengaktifan oncogen (materi dasar
sel-sel kanker).
g. Tanaman rekayasa
genetik tahan herbisida mengakumulasikan herbisida dan meningkatkan residu
herbisida sehingga meracuni manusia dan binatang seperti pada tanaman.
Ø Dampak terhadap lingkungan
Saat
ini, umat manusia mampu memasukkan gen ke dalam organisme lain dan membentuk
"makhluk hidup baru" yang belum pernah ada. Pengklonan, transplantasi
inti, dan rekombinasi DNA dapat memunculkan sifat baru yang belum pernah ada
sebelumnya. Pelepasan organisme-organisme transgenik ke alam telah menimbulkan
dampak berupa pencemaran biologis di lingkungan kita. Setelah 30 tahun
Organisme Hasil Rekayasa Genetik (OHRG) atau Genetically Modified Organism
(GMO), lebih dari cukup kerusakan yang ditimbulkannya terdokumentasikan dalam
laporan International Specialty Products. Di antaranya:
a. Tidak ada perluasan lahan, sebaliknya lahan kedelai rekayasa
genetik menurun sampai 20 persen dibandingkan dengan kedelai non-rekayasa
genetik. Bahkan kapas Bt di India gagal sampai 100 persen.
b. Tidak ada pengurangan pengunaan pestisida, sebaliknya
penggunaan pestisida tanaman rekayasa genetik meningkat 50 juta pound dari 1996
sampai 2003 di Amerika Serikat.
c. Tanaman rekayasa genetik merusak hidupan liar, sebagaimana
hasil evaluasi pertanian Kerajaan Inggris.
d. Bt tahan pestisida dan roundup tahan herbisida yang
merupakan dua tanaman rekayasa genetik terbesar praktis tidak bermanfaat.
e. Area hutan yang
luas hilang menjadi kedelai rekayasa genetik di Amerika Latin, sekitar 15
hektar di Argentina sendiri, mungkin memperburuk kondisi karena adanya
permintaan untuk biofuel. Meluasnya kasus bunuh diri di daerah India, meliputi
100.000 petani antara 1993-2003 dan selanjutnya 16.000 petani telah meninggal
dalam waktu setahun.
f.
Pangan dan pakan
rekayasa genetik berkaitan dengan adanya kematian dan penyakit di lapangan dan
di dalam tes laboratorium.
g. Herbisida roundup mematikan katak, meracuni plasenta manusia
dan sel embrio. Roundup digunakan lebih dari 80 persen semua tanaman rekayasa
genetik yang ditanam di seluruh dunia.
h.
Kontaminasi transgen
tidak dapat dihindarkan. Ilmuwan menemukan penyerbukan tanaman rekayasa genetik
pada non-rekayasa genetik sejauh 21 kilometer.
Ø Dampak terhadap etika moral
Penyisipan gen makhluk hidup lain yang tidak berkerabat
dianggap telah melanggar hukum alam dan kurang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat.
Pemindahan gen manusia ke dalam tubuh hewan dan sebaliknya sudah mendapatkan
reaksi keras dari berbagai kalangan. Permasalahan produk-produk transgenik
tidak berlabel, membawa konskuensi bagi kalangan agama tertentu. Terlebih lagi
teknologi kloning yang akan dilakukan pada manusia.
Bioteknologi yang berkaitan dengan reproduksi manusia
sering membawa masalah baru, karena masyarakat belum menerimanya. berikut ini
beberapa contoh mengenai masalah ini:
a. seorang nenek melahirkan cucunya dari embrio cucu yang
dibekukan dalam tabung pembeku karena ibunya tidak mampu hamil karena penyakit
tertentu. Kemudian di masyarakat timbul sebuah pertanyaan "anak siapa bayi
tersebut?"
b. pasangan suami istri menunda kehamilan. sperma suami
dititipkan di bank sperma. beberapa tahun setelah suami meninggal, sang janda
ingin mengandung anak dari almarhum suaminya. Dia mengambil sperma yang
dititipkan di bank sperma. bagaimanakah staus dari anak tersebut ?, bolehkah
wanita tersebut mengandung anak dari suami yang telah meninggal ?.
c. meminta sperma oranng lain di bank sperma untuk difertilisasi
di dalam rahim wanita merupakan pelanggaran atau bukan ?
Ø Dampak ekonomi
Terdapat
suatu kecenderungan bahwa bioteknologi tidak terlepas dari muatan ekonomi.
Muatan ekonomi tersebut terlihat dari adanya hak paten bagi produk-produk hasil
rekayasa genetik, sehingga penguasaan bioteknologi hanya pada lembaga-lembaga
tertentu saja. Hal ini memaksa petani-petani kecil untuk membeli bibit kepada
perusahaan perusahaan yang memiliki hak paten. Produk Bioteknologi dapat merugikan
peternak-peternak tradisional seperti pada kasus penggunaan hormon pertubuhan
sapi hingga naik sebesar 20%. hormon tersebut hanya mampu dibeli oleh
perusahaan peternakan yang bermodal besar. Hal tersebut menimbulkan suatu
kesenjangan ekonomi.
Menyikapi adanya dampak negatif bioteknologi, perlu adanya tindakan-tindakan untuk menanggulangi meluasnya dampak tersebut, antara lain sebagai berikut:
Sejak Stanley Cohen melakukan rekombinasi DNA tahun 1972, telah dikeluarkan peraturan agar ada ijin atau rekomendasi sebelum para pakar melakukan rekombinasi. Ini dilakukan agar rekombinasi DNA yang dilakukan tidak digunakan untuk tujuan yang negatif.
Menyikapi adanya dampak negatif bioteknologi, perlu adanya tindakan-tindakan untuk menanggulangi meluasnya dampak tersebut, antara lain sebagai berikut:
Sejak Stanley Cohen melakukan rekombinasi DNA tahun 1972, telah dikeluarkan peraturan agar ada ijin atau rekomendasi sebelum para pakar melakukan rekombinasi. Ini dilakukan agar rekombinasi DNA yang dilakukan tidak digunakan untuk tujuan yang negatif.
1. Pemerintah Amerika
Serikat melarang cloning manusia apapun alasannya. Namun tidak semua negara mempunyai
peraturan seperti Amerika Serikat. Seperti Singapura, tidak melarang cloning
tersebut.
2. Undang-undang yang melarang pembuatan senjata biologis
yang berlaku untuk semua negara di dunia.
3. Selain undang-undang dan peraturan, prosedur kerja di laboratorium
telah membatasi kemungkinan terjadinya dampak negatif. Misalnya kondisi
laboratorium harus suci hama (aseptik), limbah yang keluar dari laboratorium
diolah terlebih dahulu.
4. Pengawasan dan pemberian sertifikasi bahwa produk-produk
yang berlabel bioteknologi tidak menyebabkan gangguan pada kesehatan manusia.
5. Penerapan bioteknologi harus tetap berdasarkan nilai-nilai
moral dan etika karena semua makhluk hidup mempunyai kepentingan yang sama
dalam menjaga "ekosistem manusia"
6. Penegakkan di bidang hukum dengan jalan menaati UU No.12
tahun 1992 tentang sistem budidaya pertanian, dan UU No.4 tahhun 1994 tentang
pengesahan konvensi PBB mengenai keanekaragaman hayati. Bagian penjelasan umum,
sub bab Manfaat Konvensi butir 6 menyatakan bahwa "pengembangan dan
penaanganan bioteknologi agar Indonesia tidak dijadikan ajang ujicoba pelepasan
GMO oleh negara lain.
7. Pada tingkat nasional, pemerintah Indonesia telah
mengeluarkan surat keputusan bersama (SKB) Nomor
998.I/Kpts/OT.210/9/99;790.a/Kpts-XI/1999;1145A/MENKES/SKB/IX/1999;015A/Meneg
PHOR/09/1999 tentang Keamanan Hayati dan Keamanan Pangan Produk Pertanian Hasil
Rekayasa Genetika Tanaman. Surat Keputusan bersama tersebut melibatkan Menteri
Pertanian, Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, Menteri Kesehatan, dan Menteri
Negara Pangan dan Hortikultura. Dalam keputusan tersebut mengharuskan adanya
pengujian tanaman pangan hasil rekayasa genetika sebelum dikomersialkan sesuai
standar protokol WHO. Standar protokol WHO tersebut meliputi uji toksisitas, alergenitas,
dan kandungan nutrisi.
8. Pada tingkat internasional, pemerintah Amerika Serikat
misalnya telah membentuk badan khusus yang bernama FDA (Food and Drugs
Administration). FDA bertugas menangani keamanan pangan, termasuk produk
rekayasa genetika. Badan ini telah membuat pedoman keamanan pangan yang
bertujuan untuk memberikan kepastian bahwa produk baru termasuk hasil rekayasa
genetika, harus aman untuk dikonsumsi sebelum dikomersialkan. Badan
Internasional Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) juga telah mengeluarkan
beberapa petunjuk rekomendasi mengenai bioteknologi dan keamanan pangan.
Beberapa rekomendasi yang dikeluarkan FAO adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Pengaturan keamanan pangan yang komprehensif sehingga dapat
melindungi kesehatan konsumen. Setiap negara harus dapat menempatkan peraturan
tersebut seimbang dengan perkembangan teknologi.
b. Pemindahan gen dari pangan yang menyebabkan alerg hendaknya
dihindari kecuali telah terbukti bahwa gen yang dipindahkan tidak menunjukkan
alergi.
c.
Pemindahan gen dari
bahan pangan yang mengandung alergen tidak boleh dikomersialkan.
d. Senyawa alergen pangan dan sifat dari alergen yang menetapkan
kekebalan tubuh dianjurkan untuk diidentifikasi.
e.
Negara berkembang
harus dibantu dalam pendidikan dan pelatihan tentang keamanan pangan yang
ditimbulkan oleh modifikasi genetika.
v Pelaksanaan kloning harus mempertimbangkan beberapa prosedur,
antara lain :
a. Riset klinis harus disesuaikan dengan prinsip moral dan ilmu
pengetahuan serta didasarkan atas eksperimen dengan fakta-fakta ilmiah yang
sudah pasti.
b.
Riset klinis
hendaknya diadakan secara sah oleh ahli yang berkompeten dan di bawah
pengawasan tenaga medis yang ahli di bidangnya.
c. Setiap proyek riset klinis hendaknya didahului oleh suatu
observasi yang cermat terhadap bahaya yang mungkin terjadi dibandingkan dengan
manfaat yang diperoleh.
d.
Dokter seharusnya
memberikan perhatian khusus dalam menjalankan riset klinis; yang mengubah
kepribadian orang menjadi objek, akibat obat-obatan, atau prosedur percobaan.
BAB III
PENUTUP
A.
KESIMPULAN
Berdasarkan makalah yang telah
disusun, maka dapat diketahui bahwa Bioteknologi adalah penerapan ilmu (suatu teknik
dalam biologi).
Bioteknologi
dapat diartikan sebagai pemanfaatan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dan teknologi
dengan menggunakan makhluk hidup sebagai
alat bantu untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa guna kepentingan manusia.
Bioteknologi bukanlah suatu disiplin ilmu melainkan penerapan ilmu (suatu
teknik dalam biologi).
Dengan
perkembangan bioteknologi, maka manusia dapat menafaatkan suatu bahan yang
sederhana menjadi barang atau bahan yang lebih bermanfaat. Selain mempunyai
kelebihan bioteknologi juga mempunyai kekurangan atau efek negatif. Efek ini
berpengaruh pada berbagai bidang, diantaranya:
a.
Bidang Kesehatan;
b. Bidang Lingkungan;
c. Bidang Etika dan
Moral;
d. Bidang Ekonomi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
3.
Pratiwi.D. A.,
Maryati,Sri., Srikini,Suharno, S. Bambang.2007. Biologi. Jakarta.Erlangga.
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